G. Tsirakis,1 C.A. Pappa,2 M. Kaparou,1 V. Katsomitrou,1 A. Hatzivasili,2 T. Alegakis,3 A. Xekalou,4 E.N. Stathopoulos,4 M.G. Alexandrakis1
1Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion; 2Department of Haematology, Venizelion Hospital of Heraklion; 3Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete; 4Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Correspondence: Michael G. Alexandrakis, Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, P.O. Box 1352, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Tel. +30.2.810392425 - Fax: +30.2.810244883. E-mail: alexandm@med.uoc.gr
Key words: Multiple myeloma, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-1β, MIP-1α, proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
Aknowledgement: the authors would like to thank Mrss. Maria Klinaki and Georgia Fiolitaki for their excellent technical assistance, and Mrs Anjali Verghese for the correction of the manuscript.
Contributions: GT, VK, AX, ENS, performed the experiments; CAP, MK, AH, MGA, experiments design, manuscript writing; TA, reformed statistical analysis.
Received for publication: 18 March 2011.
Accepted for publication: 21 April 2011.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommerial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).
©Copyright G. Tsirakis et al., 2011
Licensee PAGEPress, Italy
European Journal of Histochemistry 2011; 55:e21
doi:10.4081/ejh.2011.e21
AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disease. Several proinflammatory cytokines produced by malignant plasma cells and bone marrow (BM) stromal cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We evaluated serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), in MM patients before treatment, and determined its significance in tumor progression. We also analyzed the correlation between measured parameters with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Forty-four MM patients and 20 healthy controls were studied. Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas PCNA value in the BM was determined by immunohistochemistry staining. The mean concentrations of the measured cytokines were significantly different among the three stages of disease, with higher values in advanced disease stage. Furthermore, patients with MM had significantly higher serum levels of the measured cytokines than in controls. A positive correlation was found between IL-6 with IL-1β, IL-8 and MIP-1α. Similarly, IL-8 and MIP-1α were positively correlated with markers of disease activity such as β2 microglobulin and LDH. The proliferation index, determined by PCNA immunostaining, was higher in advanced disease stage. Furthermore PCNA value correlated significantly with β2 microglobulin, LDH and the levels of the measured cytokines. Our results showed that the proliferative activity, as measured with PCNA, increases in parallel with disease stage. The positive correlation between PCNA and other measured mediators supports the involvement of these factors in the biology of myeloma cell growth and can be used as markers of disease activity and as possible therapeutic targets. |
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the slow proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Various cytokines control growth, progression and dissemination of the disease.1 Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been recognized as the major human myeloma cell growth factor in vitro and induces the differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells, which produce monoclonal antibodies and acute-phase proteins.2 Several nuclear proteins have been described as proliferative markers in normal, neoplastic and transformed cells.3 Plasma cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) well correlates with cellular proliferation in benign and malignant neoplasms, including haematological malignancies;4,5 its level of expression varies during the cell cycle, suggesting that under certain conditions PCNA is a marker of S-phase cells.6
The role of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the pathogenesis of MM remains controversial. Several studies found elevated levels of IL-1β in MM patients, suggesting that MM cells produce IL-1β.7 IL-1β is a potent inducer of IL-6 production in stromal cells and monocytes8 and has an important role of IL-1β in myeloma bone disease.9 Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that targets neutrophils and lymphocytes. Stromal cells, co-cultured with supernatants from bone marrow cells of patients with active myeloma, produce elevated amounts of IL-8.10 IL-8 plays a significant role in inflammatory and tumor associated angiogenesis and tumor progression.11
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) is a chemokine that stimulates phagocyte activity,12 and belongs to the RANTES family of chemokines, which act as chemoattractant and activators of monocytes.13 MIP-1α interaction with CCR2 receptors activates secretion of numerous proinflammatory signals.14 Furthermore, MIP-1α secreted from bone marrow cells of MM patients stimulates bone absorption.15,16 The aims of the present study were to measure circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, as well as LDH and b2 microglobulin, which were identified as strong and independent prognostic factors in multiple myeloma17,18,19 and to discuss its significance in tumor progression. Additionally, we analyzed the correlation of measured mediators with the proliferative activity assessed by PCNA immunohistochemistry staining.
Forty-four patients with MM (24 male and 20 female, mean age 66±10.2 years) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were obtained from all patients at diagnosis and none of them had recent apparent infections or had received treatment with cytostatic drugs in the past. The frequencies of M-protein isotypes were 61.8% IgG, 29.4% IgA and 8.8% light chain only. According to the criteria of Durie and Salmon’s myeloma staging system,20 at the time of serum collection, 12 patients had stage I, 14 had stage II and 18 had stage III. Biopsies were taken from the posterior iliac crests using a manual trephine. Twenty age-matched healthy volunteers (8 female and 12 male, mean age 64.4±12.1 years) were used as controls.
All blood samples were taken after informed consent was given and were stored at -70°C. Solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal human antiIL-6, antiIL-1β, antiIL-8, and antiMIP-1α antibodies from commercially available kits (Quantikine®, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to measure the above cytokines. An immunostaining method was used to detect PCNA. The biopsies were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for at least 24 h, and decalcified in 10% EDTA for 48 h, and then embedded in Paramat extra (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Pool, UK). Initially, Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) stained 3 μm-thick section from each Paramat-embedded bone marrow biopsy was double-immunostained with antibodies to PCNA (M 0879, DK-2600, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and CD38 (M 7077, DK-2600, Dako), using the DAKO Envision system (En Vision HRP-conjugated polymer, Kit 5007, Dako).21
Mean values were expressed as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the existence of differences between different stages. A post-hoc multiple comparisons test, Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) was carried out to determine differences between means. Statistical comparison between MM group and control group was made using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Correlations were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Multiple logistic regressions analysis with forward selection was applied to estimate the risk (in the form of odd’s ratios) of having multiple myeloma based on hematological and histological parameters. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The mean concentrations of the measured cytokines in the entire group of patients are shown in Table 1. All the above measured parameters were significantly different among the three stages of disease, with higher values in advancing disease stage (Table 1 and Figure 1). Furthermore, serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8 and MIP-1α were significantly higher in patients with MM compared to controls. A positive correlation was found between IL-6 with IL-1β (r=0.462, P<0.002), IL-8 (r=0.358, P<0.01) and MIP-1α (r=0.380, P<0.001). Similarly, IL-8 and MIP-1α were positively correlated with factors of disease activity such as β2 microglobulin (r=0.502, P<0.001; r=0.413, P<0.005, respectively) and LDH (r=0.415, P<0.006; r=0.475, P<0.001, respectively). The mean PCNA values are shown in Table 1. PCNA expression was higher in advanced disease stage (Table 1 and Figure 2). Furthermore, PCNA expression correlated significantly with parameters of disease activity such as β2 microglobulun and LDH (r=0.406, P<0.006; r=0.581, P<0.0001, respectively). Similarly, PCNA value correlated with the measured cytokines IL-6, IL-1β (results not shown graphically), IL-8 (Figure 3) and MIP-1α (Figure 4) (r=0.520, P<0.0001; r=0.545, P<0.0001; r=0.320, P<0.03 and r=0.383, P<0.01, respectively).
The multivariate analysis showed that IL-1β and β2 microglobulin are independent prognostic factors (7.89 95% CI: 1.75-35.66 for IL-1β and 7.47 95% CI: 1.66-33.65 for β2 microglobulin).
The data presented in this study show that serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β MIP-1α, LDH and β2 microglobulin in patients with MM are significantly higher than normal controls. Furthermore, these parameters are positively correlated with advancing disease stage. We also found a significant correlation between serum IL-6 and disease stage, suggesting that IL-6 is a central growth and survival factor for MM cells.22 IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine stimulating IL-6 and IL-8 production in the stromal cells and has been implicated in inflammatory and malignant disorders.8,23 Although IL-1β is the major osteoclast stimulating factor in MM, a previous report13 failed to confirm the role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. Our results showed that serum levels of IL-1β were significantly increased with advanced of disease stage and correlated significantly with factors of disease activity, such as LDH and b2 microglobulin, in patients with normal renal function. Additionally IL-1β could be an independent prognostic factor as our results showed.
IL-8 plays a significant role in inflammation and tumor associated angiogenesis24,25 and has been found to significantly increase microvascular density in several systems. Furthermore, IL-8 is a chemotactic and growth factor in several tumors.26,27 We found a significantly higher serum concentration of IL-8 in MM patients at diagnosis compared to controls. Serum IL-8 was significantly correlated with MM stage and disease activity. It was previously demonstrated that IL-8 stimulates the proliferation and migration of MM cells.28
We also found that PCNA value increased with advancing disease stage and correlated significantly with prognostic factors, such as IL-6, β2 microglobulin and LDH. Another interesting observation of our study was the strong correlation between PCNA and serum levels of MIP-1α, an important mediator of the bone destruction in patients with MM. The correlation of MIP-1α with advanced disease stage and the other measured cytokines, suggests that there is an important role of MIP-1α in the biology of myeloma, which can be explained by its impact on plasma cell proliferation and growth.18
In conclusion, our results showed that the proliferative activity increases with disease stage. The positive correlation between PCNA and other measured mediators supports the involvement of these factors in the biology of myeloma cell growth and can be used as markers of disease activity and as possible therapeutic targets.
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