F. Dorko, D. Kluchová, A. Boleková, T. Špakovská, T. Borošová, K. Lovasová
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
Correspondence: Prof. František Dorko, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova Street 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia.
Tel. +421.55.6428151 - Fax: +421.55.6428151.
E-mail: frantisek.dorko@upjs.sk
Key words: thymus, surgical and chemical orchidectomy, AChE-positive nerves, age-dependent involution, rat.
Received for publication: 24 December 2010.
Accepted for publication: 15 May 2011.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).
©Copyright F. Dorko et al., 2011
Licensee PAGEPress, Italy
European Journal of Histochemistry 2011; 55:e22
doi:10.4081/ejh.2011.e22
Abstract The thymus is a crossroad between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. As such, it is innervated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fibres of the vagus, the recurrent laryngeal and the phrenic nerves. It is well know, that the innervations density of the thymus increases with age. In our study, adult rats were orchidectomized (surgically and chemically by the application of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone). The density of AChE-positive nerve fibres in thymuses, as well as the weight of thymuses was examined. The authors found that both surgical and chemical orchidectomy result in macroscopic and microscopic regeneration of the atrophied thymuses. In regenerated rat’s thymuses after orchidectomy the density of AChE-positive nerve fibres was markedly higher in comparison with the control animals. The distribution, as well as the density of AChE-positive nerve fibres in regenerated thymuses after orchidectomy evokes the images of its innervations like in young animals before age-related involution. The authors also found a markedly higher weight of thymuses of orchidectomized rats in comparison with the control groups. In recent study the authors proved that after 8 weeks surgical orchidectomy leads to the regeneration of thymic AChE-positive innervation and chemical orchidectomy by administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after 4 weeks of adult rats. |
Thymus is a central organ of the immune system with an important endocrine function. It is a place where the T cells precursors proliferate and mature, these are responsible for the cell-mediated immunity. The thymus plays an important role in providing a suitable microenvironment for the proliferation, differentiation, TCR gene rearrangement and repertoire selection of T cells.1,2,3,4 The differentiation of T cells is a carefully orchestrated process. Mature and immunocompetent T cells leave the thymus through blood and lymphatic vessels and migrate to the peripheral lymphoid organs.5
From phylogenetical point of view, thymus played a key role in the evolution of animals during development of adaptive immune system; therefore it is an important element separating higher vertebrates from other animals. The development of thymus and T cells is a highly conserved process in vertebrates evolution.6,7,8 Human thymus grows rapidly in utero and reaches the biggest size compared to the body proportions during early postnatal period of babies.9,10,11 The highest immunological activity of the thymus is in the age of 6th months after birth, when the thymus contains the highest overall numbers of thymocytes.12 After the 1st year of life, this organ starts to undergo changes, which become considerable in puberty and adulthood. The thymus undergoes a progressive reduction in size due to profound changes in its anatomy associated with loss of thymic epithelial cells and a decrease in thymopoiesis. These age-related changes in thymic structure are called physiological involution.13,14,15,16,17,18 It is assumed that involution of thymus plays the key role in immunity aging.19,20 Age-associated involution is reversible. For example, castration in old rats and mice results in the regeneration of the atrophied thymuses.21,22 During the prenatal and postnatal development thymus is sensitive to many environmental factors such as acute and chronic stress, malnutrition, infections or hormonal therapy.23,24 The term accidental involution was also implemented by Hammar in 1953 to describe striking regression in the size of thymus of younger individuals associated with malnutrition and infection.25
The thymus is a crossroad between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.26 It has been hypothesized that maturational processes within the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and thymus are reciprocally regulated via neural pathways. To test this hypothesis, the thymuses of adult rats after orchidectomy (surgical and chemical) were observed. The density of AChE-positive nerve fibres was examined by the method of enzyme histochemistry. We examined also the changes in thymic weight after orchidectomy.
Twenty-three male rats of strain Wistar, 12 months old (480-600 g) were used in the experiment. Ten rats were bilaterally orchidectomized under penthobarbital (Thiopental, ICN a.s., Roztoky, Czech Republic) anaesthesia (20 mg/kg, i.p.). After the surgery the animals were kept seperately in cages under laboratory temperature. Preventively, we applied ATB-Axetine (cefuroximum natricum, 40 mg/kg i.p., Medochemie Ltd., Limassol, Cyprus). We checked the surgical wounds every fifth day and on the fifth day we put the animals together into one cage, where they lived together for 8 to 10 weeks. Three rats were subjected to sham surgery (1st control group). The control animals also underwent a sham surgery under penthobarbital anaesthesia. We opened the scrotum by longitudinal cuts and checked the placing of the testes. Then we sewed the wounds and put the animals into the same conditions as the experimental ones. Eight to ten weeks after the surgery/sham-surgery animals were euthanized by a lethal dose of thiopental.
Seven rats were injected with 0.25 mL luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (Hoechst AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) - chemical orchidectomy. Three rats were administered with the same volume of vehicle (2nd control group). Four weeks after the treatment both experimental and control animals were euthanized by lethal dose of thiopental. Same methods for experimental surgical and chemical orchidectomy were used by Fitzpatrick et al.27 and Greenstein et al.28 and in these cases the positive results were confirmed by measuring plasmatic levels of androgen hormones.
After preparation we weighed the thymuses of both surgically and chemically castrated rats, as well as the control individuals, and recorded these values into tables. Samples taken from the thymus were processed for demonstration of AChE-positive nerve fibres. During two hours the samples were fixed in 4% formaldehyde at the temperature of 4°C. Sections were manufactured on freezing microtome thick 20 µm and incubated in the incubation solution during the period of 2-4 h at the temperature of 37°C. The incubation medium (according to method of El Badawi and Schenk)29 contained acetylthiocholine iodide needed for the visualization of specific AChE, tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) for inhibition of non-specific AChE was used. The exact composition of incubation solution can be found in Table 1, the final pH of solution was 5.6 to 6.0. Elaborated samples were assembled on slides and were examined under a light microscope JENALUNAR 2 (Zeiss, Jena, Germany). We visually assessed the density of the nerve fibres in thymuses of both experimental and control rats.
Differences in the thymic weight among four groups of rats were analyzed by Mann - Whitney non-parametric test. We considered the results of the level of significance of P<0.05 as statistically significant. Statistical calculations were done through the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 13.0.
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Table 1. The exact composition of incubation solution for the visualization of specific AChE, according to El Badawi and Schenk.29 |
It was found out that both surgical and chemical castration result in macroscopic (Figure 1) and microscopic regeneration of the atrophied thymuses. Thymuses of orchidectomized animals had typical bilobular shape with minimal quantity of adipose tissue in the organ. In the microscopic view the thymuses had thick cortex with an abundant number of lymphocytes (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The thymuses in the 1st and 2nd control groups of the rats showed typical image of age-dependent involution. Parenchyma of the thymus is being replaced by adipose tissue. The microscopic image of the involuted thymus shows that the cortex of the lobules has become markedly thinner and having remarkable reduction of number of lymphocytes (Figure 4).
The weight of thymuses of experimental rats was quite different from the control group (Table 2 and Table 3). The average weight of thymuses after surgical orchidectomy was 0.414 g±0.058 g (relative thymic weight per 100 g body weight was 0.075±0.006), in the 1st control group this weight was 0.170 g±0.010 g (relative thymic weight per 100 g body weight was 0.031±0.002). The average weight of thymuses in rats after chemical orchidectomy was 0.370 g ± 0.040 g (relative thymic weight per 100 g body weight was 0.066±0.005), in the 2nd control group the thymic weight was 0.130 g±0.025 g (relative thymic weight per 100 g body weight was 0.020±0.004). Analysing differences in thymic weight, we discovered that rats after orchidectomy (surgical or chemical) reached statistically more significantly higher values of the thymic weight than control groups. The surgical orchidectomy caused pronounced regeneration in thymic weight in comparison to chemical castration, but this difference is not significant.
The distribution as well as the density of AChE- positive nerve fibres in regenerated thymuses after orchidectomy evokes the images of its innervations like in young animals before age-related involution (according to our previous study Dorko et al.30 in female rats). AChE-positive nerves entered into the thymus accompanied with blood vessels as periarterial plexuses in connective tissue capsule. Further, they distributed along gradually ramifying arteries in interlobular septa. As dense, soft periarterial AChE-positive plexuses were found in the thymic medulla. Soft, single AChE-positive fibres came into the cortex of lobules of regenerated thymuses from following sources: subcapsular perivascular plexuses, trabecular perivascular plexuses, trabecular AChE-positive fibres, perivascular medullar plexuses of thymus lobules (Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10).
On the other hand, in the control groups of the rats AChE-positive nervous components of the thymus were apparently represented less contrastively and in smaller density. Therefore it was possible to identify them only in perivascular spaces (Figure 11 and Figure 12).
We found that the regeneration of the thymus after the surgical castration is well observed within 10 weeks after the surgery; whereas the chemical castration is (long-term dosage of LHRH) is distinct after 28 days of the administration of the hormone.
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Figure 1. Macroscopic view on rats thymuses after orchidectomy (left side) and in control group (right side). |
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Figure 2. Thymus after surgical orchidectomy – regeneration of thymic parenchyma with well distinguished cortex (rich in lymphocytes) and medulla. Scale bar :50 μm. |
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Figure 3. Thymus after chemical orchidectomy – regeneration of thymic parenchyma with well distinguished cortex (rich in lymphocytes) and medulla. Scale bar: 100 μm. |
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Figure 4. Thymus of rat from control group with same age as rats in Figures 2 and 3 (after age-related involution). The cortex is thinner and the difference between cortex and medulla is not clearly visible. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Table 2. Body weight of rats, weight of thymuses and relevant thymic weight after surgical orchidectomy and in the first control group. |
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Table 3. Body weight of rats, weight of thymuses and relevant thymic weight after chemical orchidectomy and in the second control group. |
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Figure 5. Thymus of rat after surgical orchidectomy. AChE-positive nerves entered into the thymus accompanied with blood vessels as periarterial plexuses in connective tissue capsule (1). AChE-positive nerve fiber in interlobular septum (2), which gradually ramifying into thymic parenchyma (3). Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 6. Thymus of rat after surgical orchidectomy. Plexus of AChE-positive nerves in interlobular septum (1). Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 7. Thymus of rat after surgical orchidectomy. Periarterial and periarteriolar AChE-positive nerve plexuses. Nerve fibres detached from periarteriolar plexuses of the medulla penetrating the internal portion of the cortex of lobules. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 8. Thymus of rat after chemical orchidectomy. Abudant perivascular AChE- positive nerve plexuses in interlobular septum. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 9. Thymus of rat after chemical orchidectomy. Solitary AChE- positive nerve fibres in interlobular septum penetrating into the cortex. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 10. Thymus of rat after surgical orchidectomy. Periarterial and periarteriolar AChE-positive nerve plexuses. Nerve fibres detached from periarteriolar plexuses of the medulla penetrating the internal portion of the cortex of lobules. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 11. Thymus of adult rat from control group. Occasional poorly-visualised AChE- positive nerve fibres. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
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Figure 12. Thymus of adult rat from control group, without AChE- positivity of the nerve fibres. Scale bar: 50 μm. |
Our results indicate that the weight of the thymus of middle-age rats increases after orchidectomy. Greenstein et al.28 induced first time in rats chemical orchidectomy by administration of LHRH. Regeneration of thymus after orchidectomy in old mice was observed also by Utsuyama and Hirokawa31 and Heng et al.22 Regeneration of thymus of adult dogs after the administration of growth hormone was described by Monroe et al.32 After comparison of the present results to those obtained after ovariectomy (in our previous study, Dorko et al.30) we can found pronounced regeneration in thymic size in males in comparison to females.
The thymus is innervated by AChE-positive fibres of the vagus, the recurrent laryngeal and the phrenic nerves.33 It is well known that the innervations density of the thymus increases with age, exceeding the reduction of thymic volume due to involution. The density of innervations correlates inversely with thymic volume.34 Our experiment shows that in regenerated thymuses of middle-age rats after orchidectomy the density of AChE-positive nerves is significantly higher in comparison with the control animals. While in involuted thymuses of control animals, AChE-positive nerves are localized in perivascular spaces, in experimental animals besides perivascular plexuses AChE-positive nerves are presented in functional parenchyma of regenerated thymuses in plenty. We assume that our findings represent indirect evidence that a cholinergic nerve stimulates lymphopoiesis in the thymus. The results of Leposavić et al. suggest that there is a critical period during ontogenesis when changes within the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis evoked by orchidectomy can affect the sympathetic nerve input to the rat thymus and therefore, most likely, development and function of the organ.35
Cavallotti et al. examined the occurrence and distribution of AChE activity in rats thymuses, too.36 They found specific AChE reactivity primarily in the arteries and, to a lesser extent, in the veins. Only a small amount of activity could be observed in association with the subcapsular and medullary part of the parenchyma and nerve fibres. After immunostimulation with interleukin beta in adult and aged rats they observed only small changes in AChE activity located in the walls of vessels, but they found significant modifications concern the parenchyma, the structures resembling nerve fibres and the whole thymus. The results about distribution and activity of AChE in immunostimulated adult rats are very similar to our results after orchidectomy.
The innervation of the thymus was studied in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice.37 Only a few AChE-positive nerve fibres were observed in the SCID thymus, but 10 weeks after the transfer of bone marrow from normal mice into SCID mice was there any AChE reaction. This indicates that the innervations may be more important for the establishment of the microenvironment rather than the maintenance of lymphocytes differentiation.
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