https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2022.3428

Glyphosate, AMPA and glyphosate-based herbicide exposure leads to GFAP, PCNA and caspase-3 increased immunoreactive area on male offspring rat hypothalamus

Vol. 66 No. 4 (2022)
Submitted: 21 April 2022
Accepted: 25 July 2022
Published: 13 October 2022
glyphosate, hypothalamus, immunohistochemistry, apoptosis, neuro-inflammation, pesticides, proliferation
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Authors

Ewing Duque-Díaz
ew.duque@mail.udes.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-8553
Faculty of Medical Science and Health, MASIRA Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Hernán Hurtado Giraldo
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1175-8872
Faculty of Medical Science and Health, MASIRA Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Linda P. Rocha-Muñoz
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-6473
Faculty of Exact, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Rafael Coveñas
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-8266
Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), University of Salamanca; Group GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), Salamanca, Spain.

Glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glyphosate-based herbicides altered the neuroendocrine axis, the content of brain neurotransmitters, and behavior in experimental animal models. Glyphosate alone, AMPA or Roundup® Active were administered to postpartum female rats, from P0 to P10, and their water consumption was measured daily. The immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase-3 was measured in the anterior, medial preoptic, periventricular, supraoptic and lateroanterior hypothalamic nuclei of P0-P10 male pups after exposure, via lactation, to these xenobiotics. Puppies exposed to glyphosate had a moderate level of GFAP with no overlapping astrocyte processes, but this overlapping was observed after Roundup® Active or AMPA exposure. After being exposed to Roundup® Active or AMPA, PCNA-positive cells with strong immunoreactivity were found in some hypothalamic nuclei. Cells containing caspase-3 were found in all hypothalamic nuclei studied, but the labeling was stronger after Roundup® Active or AMPA exposure. Xenobiotics significantly increased the immunoreactivity area for all of the markers studied in the majority of cases (p<0.05). AMPA or Roundup® Active treated animals had a greater area of PCNA immunoreactivity than control or glyphosate alone treated animals (p<0.05). The effects observed after xenobiotic exposure were not due to increased water intake. The increased immunoreactivity areas observed for the markers studied suggest that xenobiotics induced a neuro-inflammatory response, implying increased cell proliferation, glial activation, and induction of apoptotic pathways. The findings also show that glyphosate metabolites/adjuvants and/or surfactants present in glyphosate commercial formulations had a greater effect than glyphosate alone. In summary, glyphosate, AMPA, and glyphosate-based herbicides altered GFAP, caspase-3, and PCNA expression in the rat hypothalamus, altering the neuroendocrine axis.

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Ethics Approval

This study was approved by the Research Commission of the Universidad de Santander (Bucaramanga, Colombia) under act n. 009-VII

Supporting Agencies

Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MINCIENCIAS) from Colombia (129977758110)

How to Cite

Duque-Díaz, E. ., Hurtado Giraldo, H., Rocha-Muñoz, L. P., & Coveñas, R. (2022). Glyphosate, AMPA and glyphosate-based herbicide exposure leads to GFAP, PCNA and caspase-3 increased immunoreactive area on male offspring rat hypothalamus . European Journal of Histochemistry, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2022.3428
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