https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2024.3912
Histological analysis of the dermal and hypodermal layers of the face and correlation with high-frequency 24 MHz ultrasonography and elastosonography
Submitted: 10 November 2023
Accepted: 22 December 2023
Published: 12 April 2024
Accepted: 22 December 2023
Abstract Views: 400
PDF: 221
HTML: 9
HTML: 9
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Knowledge of the structure of the face is of fundamental importance. In fact, the face is treated in many areas of medicine, from dermatology, to maxillofacial surgery, to otorhinolaryngology, to ophthalmology, etc. and anti-aging aesthetic treatments, and those for the resolution of blemishes are on the increase. For ethical reasons it is not possible to take biopsy samples for facial analysis in the aesthetic field. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate that a high-resolution bimodal ultrasound examination, combined with elastosonography, could be a valid tool for pre-treatment morphological evaluation. To achieve this goal, skin samples were taken from the forehead, zygomatic area, nasolabial fold, upper and lower lip from cadavers to histologically characterize their structure. Subsequently, these same areas were evaluated in vivo using conventional B-mode ultrasound with a 24 MHz high-frequency probe, and elastosonography. The data obtained with the different techniques were compared, in order to state that modern ultrasound techniques can provide similar histological information. The analysis showed that the superficial hypodermis presented a different shape and structure in the different areas, with the exception of the areas of the upper and lower lip, which appeared similar. With aging, the forehead and zygomatic area showed a volumetric increase in the superficial hypodermic layer, while the lip showed non-structural changes. The morphology of the nasolabial fold remained unchanged. When it is not possible to perform histological investigations on the face, to understand its characteristics and dynamics, ultrasound with a 24 MHz probe would seem to be the most suitable method, while elastosonography could be a valid method for evaluating the stiffness of the structural components.
Kruglikov I, Trujillo O, Kristen Q, Isac K, Zorko J, Fam M, et al. The facial adipose tissue: a revision. Facial Plast Surg 2016;32:671-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596046
Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE, Ristow B. The youthful cheek and the deep medial fat compartment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:2107-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817123c6
Wan D, Amirlak B, Giessler P, Rasko Y, Rohrich RJ, Yuan C, et al. The differing adipocyte morphologies of deep versus superficial midfacial fat compartments: a cadaveric study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133:615e-22e.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000100
Wan D, Amirlak B, Rohrich R, Davis K. The clinical importance of the fat compartments in midfacial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2014;1:e92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000000035
Stuzin JM, Baker TJ, Gordon HL. The relationship of the superficial and deep facial fascias: relevance to rhytidectomy and aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:441-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199203000-00007
Bertossi D, Bernardi P, Benati D, Ruffoli M, Sbarbati A, Nocini P. Classification of fat pad of the third medium of the face. Aesth Med 2015;1:103-9.
Sbarbati A, Accorsi D, Benati D, Marchetti L, Orsini G, Rigotti G, Panettiere P. Subcutaneous adipose tissue classification. Eur J Histochem 2010;54:e48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2010.e48
Schenck TL, Koban KC, Schlattau A, Frank K, Sykes JM, Targosinski S, et al. The functional anatomy of the superficial fat compartments of the face: a detailed imaging study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141:1351-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004364
Kim YS, Lee KW, Kim JS, Gil YC, Tanvaa T, Shin DH, Kim HJ. Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: application to the minimally invasive procedures. Clin Anat 2019;32:1008-18.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23331
Cotofana S, Freytag DL, Frank K, Sattler S, Landau M, Pavicic T, et al. The bidirectional movement of the frontalis muscle: introducing the line of convergence and its potential clinical relevance. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:1155-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006756
Kondoh S, Matsuo K, Kikuchi N, Yuzuriha S. Pathogenesis and surgical correction of involuntary contraction of the occipitofrontalis muscle that causes forehead wrinkles. Ann Plast Surg 2006;57:142-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000214172.63510.ab
Rohrich RJ, Avashia YJ, Savetsky IL. Prediction of facial aging using the facial fat compartments. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021;147:38S-42S.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007624
Swift A, Liew S, Weinkle S, Garcia JK, Silberberg MB. The facial aging process from the "inside out". Aesthet Surg J 2021;41:1107-19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjaa339
Price KM, Gupta PK, Woodward JA, Stinnett SS, Murchison AP. Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124:615-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181addc98
Schelke L, Velthuis PJ, Lowry N, Rohrich RJ, Swift A, Gotkin RH, et al. The mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments: an ultrasound-based investigation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021;20:3849-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14374
Gosain AK, Klein MH, Sudhakar PV, Prost RW. A volumetric analysis of soft-tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:1143-55.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000156333.57852.2F
Stuzin JM, Rohrich RJ, Dayan E. The facial fat compartments revisited: clinical relevance to subcutaneous dissection and facial deflation in face lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;144:1070-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006181
Fisher GJ, Varani J, Voorhees JJ. Looking older: fibroblast collapse and therapeutic implications. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:666-72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.144.5.666
Sherratt MJ. Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre. Age (Dordr) 2009;31:305-25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-009-9103-6
Goodman GD, Kaufman J, Day D, Weiss R, Kawata AK, Garcia JK, et al. Impact of smoking and alcohol use on facial aging in women: results of a large multinational, multiracial, cross-sectional survey. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2019;12:28-39.
Alexis AF, Alam M. Racial and ethnic differences in skin aging: implications for treatment with soft tissue fillers. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:s30-2.
Kwon HJ, O J, Cho TH, Choi YJ, Yang HM. The nasolabial fold: a micro-computed tomography study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:71-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006328
Gierloff M, Stöhring C, Buder T, Gassling V, Açil Y, Wiltfang J. Aging changes of the midfacial fat compartments: a computed tomographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:263-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182362b96
Beer GM, Manestar M, Mihic-Probst D. The causes of the nasolabial crease: a histomorphological study. Clin Anat 2013;26:196-203.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22100
Ezure T, Amano S. Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation. Skin Res Technol 2012;18:259-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00567.x
How to Cite
Veronese, S., Costa, E., Portuese, A., Ossanna, R., & Sbarbati, A. (2024). Histological analysis of the dermal and hypodermal layers of the face and correlation with high-frequency 24 MHz ultrasonography and elastosonography. European Journal of Histochemistry, 68(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2024.3912
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Xinyu Xu, Jiayu Shi, Chuanwei Zhang, Lixin Shi, Yujie Bai, Wei Shi, Yuliang Wang, Effects of artificial light with different spectral composition on eye axial growth in juvenile guinea pigs , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 67 No. 1 (2023)
- Manuela Monti, Mouse development - From oocyte to stem cells , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 58 No. 1 (2014)
- Andrea Diana, Marcella Reguzzoni, Terenzio Congiu, Antonio Rescigno, Federica Sollai, Mario Raspanti, The byssus threads of Pinna nobilis: A histochemical and ultrastructural study , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 61 No. 4 (2017)
- Zhen Wang, Xiaoyan Du, Daoyang Yu, Yang Yang, Gaoen Ma, Xueli Jia, Lulu Cheng, Sufentanil alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation and protecting the blood-brain barrier in rats , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 66 No. 1 (2022)
- Proshanta Roy, Ilenia Martinelli, Michele Moruzzi, Federica Maggi, Consuelo Amantini, Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura, Carlo Cifani, Francesco Amenta, Seyed Khosrow Tayebati, Daniele Tomassoni, Ion channels alterations in the forebrain of high-fat diet fed rats , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 65 No. s1 (2021): Special Collection on Advances in Neuromorphology in Health and Disease
- Guangbao He, Yibo He, Hongwei Ni, Kai Wang, Yijun Zhu, Yang Bao, Dexmedetomidine attenuates neuroinflammation and microglia activation in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells through targeting circ-Shank3/miR-140-3p/TLR4 axis , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 67 No. 3 (2023)
- OM EcheverrÃa, RV Thampan, S Juárez-Chavero, AD Hernández-Pérez, Immunocytochemical study of estrogen receptor activation factor (E-RAF) and the proteins that interact with nuclear estrogen receptor II (nER II) in epithelial endometrial cells, in the presence and in the absence of estradiol , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 49 No. 1 (2005)
- Sabrina Giacoppo, Agnese Gugliandolo, Oriana Trubiani, Federica Pollastro, Gianpaolo Grassi, Placido Bramanti, Emanuela Mazzon, Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are involved in the protection of RAW264.7 macrophages against the oxidative stress: an in vitro study , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 61 No. 1 (2017)
- Cristina Maxia, Daniela Murtas, Michela Corrias, Ignazio Zucca, Luigi Minerba, Franca Piras, Cristiana Marinelli, Maria Teresa Perra, Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in patients with ophthalmic pterygium , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 61 No. 4 (2017)
- Yang Liu, Weichun Guo, Shuo Fang, Bin He, Xiaohai Li, Li Fan, miR-1270 enhances the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma via targeting cingulin , European Journal of Histochemistry: Vol. 65 No. 4 (2021)
<< < 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
